3.3. Capital structure
A number of papers examine multiple classes of stock, which typically entail different voting
and cash-flow rights, and corporate performance. For example, Gompers et al. (2004) and
Zingales (1995). My primary focus here, however, is on governance and debt. Over two decades
of research suggests that debt can act as a self-enforcing governance mechanism; that is, issuing
debt holds managers’ feet to the fire by forcing them to generate cash to meet interest and
principle obligations. Thus, debt mitigates the potential agency costs of free cash flow
(Grossman and Hart, 1982; Jensen, 1986, 1993). The counter-arguments are that most firms can
easily meet interest payments and firms typically rely on internal financing (Allen and Gale,
2000). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) discuss the role of debt in governance, and John and John
(1993) provide an in-depth analysis of the link between capital structure and compensation.
Recent empirical work on corporate governance and capital structure focuses on the
association between governance and the cost of debt. For example, Klock et al. (2005) find that
increased use of antitakeover measures is associated with lower costs of debt financing.
Similarly, Cremers et al. (2004) report that the presence of institutional blockholders is
associated with lower yields, particularly in the presence of multiple antitakeover measures.
In this issue, Bryan et al. (2006-this issue) emphasize the link between compensation and the
agency costs of debt. The authors note that, although contracting theory predicts that greater
equity-based compensation decreases the agency problems of equity, it may exacerbate the
agency problems of debt. They observe that while the agency costs of debt, which include
underinvestment, asset substitution, and financial distress became less likely during the 1990s,
firms became more difficult to monitor, and thus the agency costs of equity rose. The authors
suggest that the net effect of these changes explains why more firms used equity-based
compensation in the latter 1990s, and why the proportion of options in the compensation mix
increased throughout the 1990s.
3.3. Capital structureA number of papers examine multiple classes of stock, which typically entail different votingand cash-flow rights, and corporate performance. For example, Gompers et al. (2004) andZingales (1995). My primary focus here, however, is on governance and debt. Over two decadesof research suggests that debt can act as a self-enforcing governance mechanism; that is, issuingdebt holds managers’ feet to the fire by forcing them to generate cash to meet interest andprinciple obligations. Thus, debt mitigates the potential agency costs of free cash flow(Grossman and Hart, 1982; Jensen, 1986, 1993). The counter-arguments are that most firms caneasily meet interest payments and firms typically rely on internal financing (Allen and Gale,2000). Shleifer and Vishny (1997) discuss the role of debt in governance, and John and John(1993) provide an in-depth analysis of the link between capital structure and compensation.Recent empirical work on corporate governance and capital structure focuses on theassociation between governance and the cost of debt. For example, Klock et al. (2005) find thatincreased use of antitakeover measures is associated with lower costs of debt financing.Similarly, Cremers et al. (2004) report that the presence of institutional blockholders isassociated with lower yields, particularly in the presence of multiple antitakeover measures.In this issue, Bryan et al. (2006-this issue) emphasize the link between compensation and theقرض سے ایجنسی کے اخراجات ہیں ۔ اگرچہ نظریہ ہو کر اس کی پیش گوئی مصنفین، نوٹ زیادہ سے زیادہمساوات کی بنیاد پر معاوضہ عدل کی ایجنسی کے مسائل کم کرتا ہے، یہ اسرباٹی ہےقرض کی ایجنسی کے مسائل ۔ وہ کہ جس میں شامل ایجنسی کے اخراجات کے قرض ادا کرتے ہوئے مشاہدہانڈرانویسٹمنٹ، اثاثہ متبادل اور مالی مصیبت بن گیا کم ہونے کا امکان 1990 کی دہائی کے دورانفرموں کی نگرانی کے لیے زیادہ مشکل بن گیا، اور یوں عدل سے ایجنسی کے اخراجات اٹھا ۔ مصنفینان تبدیلیوں کا اثر کیوں استعمال کیا مزید فرموں کی مساوات کی بنیاد پر وضاحت کرتا ہے کہ تجویز کریںثانی الذکر 1990 کی دہائی میں، معاوضہ معاوضہ میں اختیارات کا تناسب کیوں ملائیںبھر میں 1990 کی دہائی میں اضافہ ہوا ہے ۔
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